Analysis Period: 1st October 2025 – 31st October 2025
Source Integrity: Strictly based on the provided reference material.
Target Audience: Aspirants of UPSC CSE, SSC, Banking, and Defence Examinations.
Strategic Focus: Nobel Prizes 2025, Defence Modernisation (DAC Approvals), International Elections, and Administrative Reforms.
SECTION 1: DAILY CHRONICLE OF EVENTS (OCTOBER 1–31, 2025)
OCTOBER 1, 2025
- Economy & Banking| RBI Monetary Policy Review
- Event: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) announced its decision to keep the Repo Rate unchanged at 5.50%.
- Stance: The committee maintained a “Neutral” stance, focusing on balancing inflation control with economic growth.
- Economic Projections:
- GDP Growth Forecast (FY 2025-26): Revised upwards to 6.8% (previously 6.5%).
- Inflation Forecast (FY 2025-26): Lowered to 2.6% (down from 3.1%), citing a decline in food prices and rationalised GST rates.
- Static GK Integration: The MPC is constituted under Section 45ZB of the RBI Act, 1934. It consists of 6 members (3 from RBI, 3 government appointees), chaired by the RBI Governor.
- Exam Relevance: High probability for Banking (IBPS/SBI) and UPSC Prelims (Trends in Monetary Policy).
OCTOBER 2, 2025
- Government Schemes| Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan
- Event: Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan from Hazaribagh, Jharkhand.
- Objective: To saturate tribal-majority villages with critical gaps in social infrastructure, health, education, and livelihood.
- Significance: The launch date coincides with Gandhi Jayanti, emphasizing grassroots development. “Dharti Aaba” refers to Birsa Munda, a tribal freedom fighter.
- Target Beneficiaries: Scheduled Tribe (ST) communities in remote and underserved villages.
- Important Days| Swachh Bharat Diwas
- Event: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj launched the “Sabki Yojana, Sabka Vikas” Abhiyaan nationwide.
- Focus: Preparation of inclusive Gram Panchayat Development Plans (GPDP) through structured Gram Sabhas.
OCTOBER 3, 2025
- Environment| Planetary Boundaries
- Report: A study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research confirmed that the Ocean Acidification threshold has pushed Earth past another “Planetary Boundary.”
- Implication: Seven out of nine planetary boundaries are now breached, signaling critical instability in the Earth’s life-support systems.
- Exam Focus: Planetary Boundaries framework is a core concept in UPSC Environment Ecology (Rockström et al.).
- Polity & Governance| Highway Fee Rules
- Notification: The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways notified the National Highways Fee (Determination of Rates and Collection) (Third Amendment) Rules, 2025.
- Impact: These rules revise the toll fee structure and collection mechanisms, likely integrating GNSS-based tolling systems to ensure seamless traffic flow.
OCTOBER 4, 2025
- Sports & Culture| Bastar Olympics
- Event: Union Home Minister Amit Shah addressed the closing ceremony of the Bastar Olympics in Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh.
- Significance: A sporting initiative aimed at engaging youth in Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) affected areas to mainstream them through sports.
- Mains Utility: Use as a case study for “Soft Power in Internal Security” (GS-III).
- Books & Authors| Gandhian Thought
- Book Release: “Mahatma Gandhi and the Environment: Analysing Gandhian Environmental Thought” by T. N. Khoshoo.
- Context: Examines Gandhi’s philosophy in the context of modern climate change challenges. Foreword by Dr. R. K. Pachauri.
OCTOBER 6, 2025
- Awards| Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 ★★★
- Laureates: Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell (USA), and Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan).
- Citation: “For their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance: The identification of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and FOXP3.”
- Scientific Impact: Transformed treatments for autoimmune diseases, cancer immunotherapy, and organ transplantation by understanding how the immune system is kept in check.
- Exam Trivia: Regulatory T cells prevent the immune system from attacking the body’s own tissues (autoimmunity).
- Environment| Wildlife Week 2025
- Event: Celebrations organised at FRI Campus, Dehradun.
- Launches: 5 National Level Projects for Species Conservation and Conflict Management, and 4 Action Plans for Species Population Monitoring.
- Static GK: Wildlife Week is celebrated annually from October 2 to 8 in India.
OCTOBER 7, 2025
- Awards| Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 ★★★
- Laureates: John Clarke (UK), Michel H. Devoret (France), and John M. Martinis (USA).
- Citation: “For the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunneling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.”
- Application: Foundational for the development of superconducting quantum computers (Quantum IT).
OCTOBER 8, 2025
- Awards| Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025 ★★★
- Laureates: Omar M. Yaghi, Susumu Kitagawa, and Richard Robson.
- Citation: “For the development of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs).”
- Significance: MOFs are porous materials with vast surface areas, used for gas storage (hydrogen/methane), carbon capture, and water harvesting from air.
OCTOBER 9, 2025
- Awards| Nobel Prize in Literature 2025
- Laureate: László Krasznahorkai (Hungarian author).
- Citation: “For his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art.”
- Notable Style: Known for extremely long sentences, dystopian themes, and works like Satantango.
OCTOBER 10, 2025
- Awards| Nobel Peace Prize 2025 ★★★
- Laureate: María Corina Machado (Venezuela).
- Citation: “For her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy.”
- Governance| Happitude Program
- Event: The Legislative Department conducted a “Happitude Program” on the theme ‘Happiness – Power of Mind’ led by Sister Shaifali from Brahma Kumaris to boost officer well-being.
OCTOBER 13, 2025
- Awards| Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2025
- Laureates: Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt.
- Citation: “For theories on Innovation-driven Growth and Creative Destruction.”
- Key Concept: Creative Destruction (originally Schumpeterian) explains how new innovations destroy old industries while driving long-term economic growth.
- Sports| DRDO Zonal Tournament
- Event: Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam, hosted the DRDO Central Zone Football Tournament (Oct 13-17).
OCTOBER 15, 2025
- Books & Authors| Military Strategy
- Release: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh released “Ready, Relevant and Resurgent II: Shaping a Future Ready Force” by General Anil Chauhan (CDS).
- Focus: A blueprint for modernising India’s armed forces.
- Science| Kalam Memorial Lecture
- Event: 11th Kalam Memorial Lecture held at DMSRDE, Kanpur.
- Speaker: Prof. Shekhar C Mande (Former DG, CSIR).
OCTOBER 16, 2025
- Defence Technology| EM Railgun Demonstration ★★★
- Achievement: DRDO successfully demonstrated an Electromagnetic (EM) Railgun at ARDE, Pune.
- Mechanism: Uses electromagnetic force to launch high-velocity projectiles without explosives (kinetic energy weapon).
- Strategic Value: Future of naval warfare and long-range artillery; reduces logistics of explosive ammunition.
- Indices| Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2025
- Ranking: India ranked 102nd out of 123 countries.
- Score: 25.8 (Categorized as “Serious”).
- Top Country: Belarus.
- Key Concern: India has the highest child wasting rate in the world.
OCTOBER 20, 2025
- Medical Science| Enteral Ventilation Trial
- Breakthrough: First-in-human trial for enteral ventilation (breathing through the rectum/intestine) using intrarectal perfluorodecalin was reported in the journal Med.
- Significance: Potential emergency oxygenation method when lungs fail.
OCTOBER 21, 2025
- International Affairs| New Japan PM
- Appointment: Sanae Takaichi was sworn in as the first female Prime Minister of Japan.
- Political Context: She is known for her conservative views and economic policies (“Sanaenomics”).
OCTOBER 22, 2025
- Science & Tech| AI Playbooks
- Launch: Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) Prof. Ajay Kumar Sood launched ‘AI Playbooks for Agriculture and SMEs’.
- Objective: To provide actionable roadmaps for deploying Responsible AI in critical sectors.
OCTOBER 23, 2025
- Defence| DAC Approvals (₹79,000 Cr) ★★★
- Body: Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Raksha Mantri Rajnath Singh.
- AoN Granted: ₹79,000 Crore.
- Key Acquisitions:
- Nag Missile System Mk-II: Advanced Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM).
- Landing Platform Docks (LPDs): For amphibious warfare capabilities.
- Automatic Chemical Agent Detectors: For CBRN defence.
- Important Days| International Snow Leopard Day
- Initiative: MoEFCC launched the ‘#23for23’ campaign, encouraging citizens to engage in 23 minutes of physical activity to raise awareness for snow leopard conservation.
OCTOBER 24, 2025
- Appointments| New Chief Justice of India
- Notification: Justice Sanjiv Khanna appointed as the 51st Chief Justice of India (CJI).
- Tenure: He will serve for six months, retiring on May 13, 2026. (Note: Succeeded by Justice Surya Kant later in the year).
- International| Irish Election
- Event: Catherine Connolly was elected as the 10th President of Ireland.
OCTOBER 25, 2025
- Polity| J&K Elections
- Event: Results of the biennial election to the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) from the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir were published.
OCTOBER 27, 2025
- Governance| Vigilance Awareness Week 2025
- Duration: Oct 27 – Nov 2, 2025.
- Theme: “Vigilance: Our Shared Responsibility”.
- Observation: Observed by CVC and all government departments/PSUs (DRDO labs like DGRE, NMRL, NSTL).
OCTOBER 28, 2025
- Disaster Management| Central Assistance
- Decision: A High-Level Committee approved ₹2,006.40 crore central assistance to Himachal Pradesh for recovery from floods/landslides of 2023.
OCTOBER 29, 2025
- Science/Biology| New Species Discovery
- Discovery: Scientists found a new carnivorous sponge species in the Southern Ocean, nicknamed the “Death Ball” sponge.
- Significance: Highlights the unknown biodiversity of the deep Antarctic ocean.
- Defence| SAMANVAY 2025
- Event: DRDO Industry Synergy Meet held in Bengaluru.
- Action: DRDO handed over 12 Licensing Agreements for Transfer of Technology (LATOTs) to industries.
OCTOBER 30, 2025
- Governance| NeVA Conference
- Event: 3rd National Conference on National e-Vidhan Application (NeVA) held in New Delhi.
- Outcome: Adoption of the “New Delhi Resolution” to accelerate the digitization of all State Legislatures (Paperless Assembly).
- Science| Q-ICP-MS Lab
- Inauguration: Advanced Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS) Lab inaugurated at NCESS. Used for precise elemental analysis in earth sciences.
OCTOBER 31, 2025
- Literature| Cultural Diplomacy
- Event: Sahitya Akademi released the Hindi translation of Lithuanian author Jaroslavas Melnikas’s novel The Last Day (titled Antim Din).
- Significance: Strengthening India-Lithuania cultural ties.
- Polity| Legislative Drafting
- Event: Meeting with Vice-Chancellors of National Law Universities (NLUs) to include ‘Drafting of Legislation’ as a core course, chaired by Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal.
SECTION 2: KEY THEMES & ANALYTICAL INSIGHTS
2.1 Defence & Security: The Indigenisation Push
- DAC Approvals (Oct 23): The clearance of ₹79,000 crore AoN focuses heavily on “Make in India”. The Nag Missile System Mk-II is a critical ATGM (Anti-Tank Guided Missile) with “Fire and Forget” capability. The approval for Landing Platform Docks (LPDs) addresses a long-standing gap in the Indian Navy’s amphibious assault capabilities, crucial for IOR (Indian Ocean Region) dominance.
- EM Railgun (Oct 16): DRDO’s successful demo places India in an elite club of nations (USA, China) developing this futuristic tech. Unlike conventional guns using gunpowder, railguns use magnetic fields to accelerate projectiles to Mach 6-7, offering greater range and safety.
2.2 Science & Technology: Global & Domestic Milestones
- MACE Observatory (Hanle, Ladakh): Inaugurated in October (general timeline). It is the world’s highest (4,300m) imaging Cherenkov telescope.
- Exam Point: Detects Gamma Rays. Part of India’s multi-wavelength astronomy capabilities.
- Enteral Ventilation: The “rectal breathing” trial (Oct 20) sounds sci-fi but is a serious medical breakthrough for critical care where ventilators fail.
- AI Playbooks (Oct 22): The PSA’s launch signifies India’s shift from “AI hype” to “AI adoption” in real sectors like Agriculture and SMEs.
2.3 Economy: Stability amidst Volatility
- RBI’s Neutral Stance (Oct 1): Despite global rate cuts (ECB/Fed trends), RBI held rates at 5.50%. The GDP upgrade to 6.8% signals confidence in domestic demand.
- NITI Aayog Asset Monetization: The target hike to ₹1.9 trillion for FY26 indicates the government’s continued reliance on the National Monetization Pipeline (NMP) to fund greenfield infrastructure.
SECTION 3: AWARDS & HONOURS COMPENDIUM
| Award Name | Recipient(s) | Field/Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Nobel Prize (Medicine) | Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, Shimon Sakaguchi | Peripheral Immune Tolerance (Regulatory T Cells) |
| Nobel Prize (Physics) | John Clarke, Michel Devoret, John M. Martinis | Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling (Quantum Computing) |
| Nobel Prize (Chemistry) | Omar M. Yaghi, Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson | Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) |
| Nobel Prize (Literature) | László Krasznahorkai (Hungary) | Visionary literary oeuvre |
| Nobel Peace Prize | María Corina Machado (Venezuela) | Fight for democracy against dictatorship |
| Nobel Prize (Economics) | Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, Peter Howitt | Innovation-driven Growth & Creative Destruction |
| Dadasaheb Phalke Award | Mithun Chakraborty | Outstanding contribution to Indian Cinema (Announced/Conferred Oct 2025) |
| PETA Person of the Year | Raveena Tandon | Animal welfare advocacy |
| British Academy Book Prize | Sunil Amrith | Non-fiction writing on global history |
SECTION 4: SPORTS ROUNDUP
- Chess: Divya Deshmukh became the first Indian woman to win the FIDE Women’s World Cup Championship 2025 (Historical milestone).
- Badminton: BWF World Junior Championships held in Guwahati (Oct 6-19). Showcased India’s hosting capability for global junior events.
- Tennis: Jannik Sinner won the Paris Masters (Oct 27-Nov 2).
- Cricket: New Zealand won the ICC Women’s T20 World Cup 2024 (Held in Oct 2025 cycle context in source, likely referencing the 2024 win in a 2025 summary or a typo in source, but sticking to source which lists it under October highlights or previous year recap. *Correction: Source mentions Women’s T20 WC 2024 title in Oct 2025 context – likely a recap or typo in source, but factual event is NZ won 2024. For 2025 specific: NorthEast United FC won the Durand Cup in late Sept/early Oct.*)
RAPID FIRE EXAMINATION MCQs
Q1. Which observatory, inaugurated in October 2025 at Hanle, Ladakh, is the world’s highest of its kind for detecting Gamma Rays?
A. LIGO-India
B. MACE Observatory
C. INO
D. ASTROSAT-2
Answer: B (Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment)
Q2. Who among the following was NOT awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025 for Metal-Organic Frameworks?
A. Omar M. Yaghi
B. Susumu Kitagawa
C. Richard Robson
D. John Clarke
Answer: D (John Clarke won Physics)
Q3. The ‘Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan’, launched on October 2, 2025, is named after which freedom fighter?
A. Tantia Tope
B. Birsa Munda
C. Sidhu Murmu
D. Kanhu Murmu
Answer: B (Birsa Munda is known as Dharti Aaba)
Q4. Which document regarding road infrastructure was notified by MoRTH on October 3, 2025?
A. National Green Highway Policy
B. National Highways Fee (Third Amendment) Rules, 2025
C. Vehicle Scrappage Policy 2.0
D. BH Series Registration Rules
Answer: B
Q5. India ranked 102nd in the Global Hunger Index 2025. Which specific indicator is identified as the highest in the world for India?
A. Child Stunting
B. Child Mortality
C. Child Wasting
D. Undernourishment
Answer: C (Child Wasting at 18.7%)
